Some stars and constellations are ever-present in the night sky; Polaris, for example, has served as a steady guiding light for millennia in the Northern Hemisphere.
But if you look closely at the sky night after night, you may notice that some stars move east to west from dusk to dawn, as well as change positions from season to season. For instance, Orion disappears from view for part of the year. So why do some constellations stay visible year-round, while others disappear and reappear depending on the season?
To make sense of this, it’s helpful to note that when we look at the night sky, we’re viewing only a section of the universe. “When the Earth turns to face away from the sun, that’s when we have night time,” Valerie Rapson, an astronomer at the State University of New York at Oneonta, told Live Science. “And whatever stars are in that direction … those are the stars we would see.”
In addition, which constellations you’ll see depends on where you are on the globe. Stargazers in the Northern Hemisphere see stars and constellations above the equator, whereas Southern Hemisphere observers see stars and constellations south of the equator.
As our tilted Earth revolves around the sun over a span of a year, different parts of space come into view while others shift away. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, Orion’s Belt — what looks like a line of three bright and blinking stars in the Orion constellation — is most clearly seen in the winter. But in the summer, as Earth orbits to the other side of the sun, Orion is in the part of space not visible from the Northern Hemisphere because it is obscured by daylight.
Visible yearlong
Some constellations don’t disappear with the seasons. These are called circumpolar constellations, which are positioned near the celestial poles. These constellations are always visible, but will spin and change positions throughout the year, Rapson explained.
For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, there’s Polaris, the North Star, which is almost right above the North Pole. The Big Dipper, a familiar series of stars known as an asterism, in the constellation Ursa Major, spins in Northern Hemisphere skies year-round.
The Southern Hemisphere, where Brown is based, has fewer of these circumpolar constellations. “The south celestial pole [is] a blank bit of sky,” he said, although southern skies do feature the Southern Cross year-round, a constellation of four bright stars.
In total, the International Astronomical Union recognizes 88 constellations in the night sky, and astronomers have mapped these constellations’ regular motions using celestial coordinates. Today, there are interactive digital star charts — like Stellarium — that help stargazers navigate and find particular constellations based on the time of the year.
Wobbling Earth
These stars and constellations, however, won’t look this way forever. Earth’s spin has a slight wobble. This means that over thousands of years, constellations and their positions and movements in the skies will change slightly, at least from Earth’s perspective. For example, the timings of sky’s zodiac constellations, constellations found along the equator, are now shifted from what they were many millennia ago due to the Earth’s wobble.
The wobble also affects the North Star. Polaris, for instance, wasn’t always the star in this position. In fact, in 2500 B.C., the spot was held by Thuban, a star in the constellation Draco. The north star of the future will change, too. “Five thousand years from now, we will have a totally different North Star, or maybe no technical north star at all, at least not one that lines up perfectly,” Rapson said.
Understanding this nuance and getting the correct timing of when constellations are above the horizon is important for astronomy. Brown, who studies the evolution of galaxies, noted one constellation of interest.
“Sagittarius is the center of our galaxy,” he said. It’s visible primarily in the winter in the Southern Hemisphere (summer in the Northern Hemisphere), and it’s also right next to the Milky Way‘s supermassive black hole. “So people who study the Milky Way’s black hole, they study at the particular times of year when [the black hole] is not blocked by the sun,” Brown said.
Learning how the stars change with the seasons, therefore, is an important part of discoveries related to this mysterious celestial object and many others.
“Sometimes what initially seems a little bit confusing can become clearer when we shift our perspective a little bit,” Brown said. By understanding the night sky and deciphering Earth’s movements in relation to the stars, we can understand more about our position and wonders in the universe.
Can you name all the animals, objects and mythological figures hiding in the night sky? Find out with our constellations quiz!
